滨豇豆的生态生物学特征

为探究滨豇豆(Vignamarina)的生态生物学特性及其对热带珊瑚岛的适应性,对西沙群岛野生滨豇豆的叶片形态解剖结构、生理特征和营养成分进行了分析。结果表明,滨豇豆具有叶片厚、比叶面积小、栅栏组织发达、气孔密度大、气孔面积指数大等形态特征,对减少蒸腾、保持水分起到重要作用。滨豇豆叶片的SOD活性和脯氨酸(Pro)含量高,丙二醛(MDA)含量低,表明抗氧化能力较强;滨豇豆叶片养分含量适中但其生境土壤养分含量很低,说明其对养分有着良好的吸收利用能力,利于适应贫瘠的环境。因此,滨豇豆具有能够较好地适应珊瑚岛礁高温、干旱、贫瘠生境的形态解剖结构和生理特征,加之其具有良好的固氮和养分利用能力,可作为热带珊瑚岛植被恢复的工具种。     

海南岛油茶种质资源遗传多样性的SRAP分析

为了解海南岛油茶(Camellia oleifera)种质资源的遗传多样性,采用SRAP分子标记,对海南岛油茶主要分布区的31个居群进行了遗传多样性和亲缘关系分析。结果表明,海南岛油茶资源的遗传多样性低,物种水平的多态性百分率(PPB)为98.30%,Nei’s基因多样性(H)为0.222 8,Shannon信息指数(I)为0.353 8;居群水平的PPB=40.96%,观测等位基因数(Na)为1.409 6,有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.237 1, H=0.138 5, I=0.208 3,这与海南岛油茶丰富的表型多样性水平不一致。海南岛油茶资源遗传分化较大,居群间基因交流有限,不同居群间的遗传分化指数(Gst)为0.380,基因流(Nm)为0.813 91。遗传变异主要发生在居群内,有38.05%的变异存在居群间,61.95%存在于居群内。遗传距离为0.022 6～0.276 4,平均为0.107 7,居群间的亲缘关系较近。UPGMA聚类分析表明,在遗传距离为0.11处,可将31个油茶居群聚为6类,表现出明显的行政区域性,而与地理距离关系不大。因此,海南岛油茶资源遗传多样性低,亲缘关系近可能导致自交或近交不亲和,可能是海南油茶林分花量大而结实低的主要内在原因。     

A new pipoid frog (Anura,Pipimorpha) from the Paleogene of Patagonia. Paleobiogeographical implications

The aim of the present contribution is to describe a new genus and species of Pipoidea from the Huitrera Formation (Eocene) from Patagonia, Argentina. The new genus shows a unique combination of characters indicating that it is a valid taxon different from other pipimorphs, including the coeval Llankibatrachus truebae. The phylogenetic analysis resulted in the nesting of the new taxon within a previously unrecognized endemic clade of South American aglossans. This new clade turns out to be the sister-group of crown-group Pipidae. This phylogenetic proposal reinforces the hypothesis sustaining the dispersal of pipids between Africa and South America through an island chain or a continental bridge across the Atlantic Ocean by Early Tertiary times.     

基于遥感技术的城市下垫面参数与热环境关系的研究——以北京市朝阳区为例

城市热岛（UHI）不仅直接关系到城市人居环境质量和居民健康状况,同时还对城市能源消耗、生态系统过程演变、生物物候以及城市经济可持续发展有着深远的影响。以北京市朝阳区2002—2017年夏季4期Landsat系列遥感影像为数据,采用大气反演法,对15年间朝阳区城市地表温度（LST）时空变化进行分析,发现15年间朝阳区城市热岛比例指数上升迅速,热岛效应逐年加剧。进一步研究表明,城市地表温度与归一化植被指数（NDVI）及归一化建筑指数（NDBI）密切相关：地表温度与NDBI正相关,NDBI指数每升高0.1,地表升温0.79~2.37°C;与NDVI指数负相关,NDVI指数每提高0.1,地表降温0.4~0.77°C。本研究可为城市规划建设与城市绿地营建提供科学具体的参考指导依据,并促进生态可持续发展与人居环境改善。     

海南岛红树林湿地的水鸟多样性

从2015年10月至2016年6月,调查了海南岛17个沿海红树林湿地春、夏、秋、冬四季的湿地鸟类。共记录水鸟74种,隶属5目12科,其中,翘鼻麻鸭（Tadorna tadorna）为海南鸟类分布新记录种。位于海南省儋州市白马井镇洋浦湾的新英作为黑脸琵鹭（Platalea minor）新的越冬点被发现。全岛水鸟数量较多的地点在万宁小海、海口东寨港和乐东莺歌海,种类较多的地点在东寨港、东方四更和莺歌海。Jaccard指数分析表明,栖息地具有相似适合度的地方,水鸟种类相似性更高,人工湿地之间的水鸟相似性高,人工湿地与天然湿地之间的水鸟相似性低。海南岛沿海红树林湿地的鸟类种类和数量随季节变化,秋、冬季种类多、数量丰富,春、夏季的种类和数量均较少。鸻鹬类在春、冬季种类和数量占比均为最大,秋、夏季数量最多的为鹭类。Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数分析得出东寨港的多样性指数最高,东寨港和莺歌海的均匀度指数表现较高。研究表明,海南岛的沿海红树林湿地是很多水鸟的重要栖息地,保护红树林是保护湿地水鸟多样性的关键。     

First sighting of a tropical benthic reef shark species at Rapa Nui: chance dispersal or a sign of things to come?

On 20 December 2017, a mature Triaenodon obesus was observed at Hanga Roa Bay, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) at c.18 m depth. This observation increases both the range of T. obesus in the Pacific Ocean and the number of elasmobranch species at Rapa Nui. In combination with other recent sightings further extending the southern range of this species during the Austral summer, sea surface temperature is suggested as key to southern dispersal.     

Nectar and Pollen Sources for Honeybee （Apis cerana cerana Fabr.） in Qinglan Mangrove Area, Hainan Island, China

In the present study, nectar and pollen sources for honeybee （Apls cerana cerana Fabr.） were studied in Qlnglan mangrove area, Hainan Island, China, based on microscopic analysis of honey and pollen load （corblcular and gut contents） from honeybees collected In October and November 2004. Qualitative and quantitative melittopalynologlcal analysis of the natural honey sample showed that the honey is of unlfloral type with Mimosa pudlca L. （Mlmosaceae） as the predominant （89.14%） source of nectar and pollen for A. cerana cerana In October. Members of Araceae are an Important minor （3%-15%） pollen type, whereas those of Arecaceae are a minor （〈3%） pollen type. Pollen grains of Nypa fruticans Wurmb., Rhlzophora spp., Excoecarla agallocha L., Lumnitzera spp., Brugulera spp., Kandella candel Druce, and Ceriops tagal （Perr.） C. B. Rob. are among the notable mangrove texa growing In Qinglan mangrove area recorded as minor taxa In the honey. The absolute pollen count （I.e. the number of pollen grains/10 g honey sample） suggests that the honey belongs to Group V （〉1 000 000）. Pollen analysis from the corblcular and gut contents of A. cerana cerana revealed the highest representation （95.60%） of members of Sonneratia spp. （Sonneratlaceae）, followed by Bruguiera spp. （Rhizophoraceae）, Euphorblaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Arecaceae, Araceae, Anacardlaceae, and Rublaceae. Of these plants, those belonging to Sonneratla plants are the most Important nectar and pollen sources for A. cerana cerana and are frequently foraged and pollinated by these bees in November.     

Cirripedia of Madeira

We give a list of Cirripedia from Madeira Island and nearby deep water, based on specimens in the collection of the Museu Municipal do Funchal (História Natural) (MMF), records mentioned in the literature, and recent collections. Tesseropora atlantica Newman and Ross, 1976 is recorded from Madeira for the first time. The Megabalanus of Madeira is M. azoricus. There are 20 genera containing 27 species, of which 22 occur in depths less than 200 m. Of these shallow water species, eight are wide-ranging oceanic forms that attach to other organisms or to floating objects, leaving just 13 truly benthic shallow water barnacles. This low diversity is probably a consequence of the distance from the continental coasts and the small area of the available habitat. No endemic species have been found.     

气候与白昼长度变化对苏格兰拉姆岛上野化山羊种群日活动节律的影响

对生活于苏格兰西北部拉姆岛上的野化山羊(Caprahircus)种群在1981、1982和2000年三年中的日活动节律进行了分析研究。详细分析了两个主要气象因素(温度和降水)以及昼长季节变化对该种群动物的日活动节律的影响。研究结果表明,拉姆岛上野化山羊的日取食活动时间百分比随月平均温度上升而显著下降,但卧息活动时间百分比随月平均温度的上升而显著上升,而降水则对二者无显著影响。拉姆岛所在地区的昼长季节性变化明显,每年6、7月白昼时间最长,而12、1月最短。由于受昼长季节变化影响,尽管该山羊种群的日取食活动时间百分比随季节变化而由夏季到冬季增加,但其真正用于取食活动的白昼时间由夏季到冬季反而减少。研究表明,白昼时间长短的季节变化是制约该山羊种群取食活动的一个重要因素,尤其是在食物匮乏而天气寒冷、阴湿的冬季。进而探讨了这种制约作用对其冬季取食量和冬季存活率的影响,以及对种群数量的调节意义。